KubeKey 升级 Kubernetes 次要版本实战指南
作者：运维有术
前言
知识点
- 定级：入门级
- KubeKey 如何升级 Kubernetes 次要版本
- Kubernetes 升级准备及验证
- KubeKey 升级 Kubernetes 的常见问题
实战服务器配置 (架构 1:1 复刻小规模生产环境，配置略有不同)
| 主机名 | IP | CPU | 内存 | 系统盘 | 数据盘 | 用途 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k8s-master-1 | 192.168.9.91 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100 | KubeSphere/k8s-master |
| k8s-master-2 | 192.168.9.92 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100 | KubeSphere/k8s-master |
| k8s-master-3 | 192.168.9.93 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100 | KubeSphere/k8s-master |
| k8s-worker-1 | 192.168.9.95 | 8 | 16 | 40 | 100 | k8s-worker/CI |
| k8s-worker-2 | 192.168.9.96 | 8 | 16 | 40 | 100 | k8s-worker |
| k8s-worker-3 | 192.168.9.97 | 8 | 16 | 40 | 100 | k8s-worker |
| k8s-storage-1 | 192.168.9.81 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100/100/100/100/100 | ElasticSearch/GlusterFS/Ceph-Rook/Longhorn/NFS/ |
| k8s-storage-2 | 192.168.9.82 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100/100/100/100 | ElasticSearch/GlusterFS/Ceph-Rook/Longhorn/ |
| k8s-storage-3 | 192.168.9.83 | 4 | 16 | 40 | 100/100/100/100 | ElasticSearch/GlusterFS/Ceph-Rook/Longhorn/ |
| registry | 192.168.9.80 | 4 | 8 | 40 | 100 | Sonatype Nexus 3 |
| 合计 | 10 | 52 | 152 | 400 | 2000 |
实战环境涉及软件版本信息
- 操作系统：CentOS 7.9 x86_64
- KubeSphere：v3.4.1
- Kubernetes：v1.24.14 to v1.26.5
- Containerd：1.6.4
- KubeKey: v3.0.13
1. 简介
上一期我们完成了 KubeSphere 和 Kubernetes 补丁版本升级实战 , 本期我们实战如何利用 KubeKey 实现 Kubernetes 次要版本升级。
本期内容没有涉及 KubeSphere 的次要版本升级，有需要的读者可以参考对应版本的官方升级文档。
关于跨次要版本升级，个人的考虑如下：
- 无论是 KubeSphere 还是 Kubernetes 非必要不升级（风险高，不可控的因素太多，就算是提前做了充分的验证测试，谁敢保证生产升级不出意外？）
- Kubernetes 非必要不原地升级，建议采用“建设新版本集群 + 迁移业务应用”或是蓝绿升级 的方案
- 一定要原地升级尽量控制在 2 个次要版本之内，且要做好充分的调研验证（比如版本不同、API 不同造成的资源兼容性，升级失败的爆炸半径等）
- KubeSphere 的跨版本升级更复杂，启用的额外插件越多，涉及的组件和中间价越多，升级需要考虑验证的点也就越多
KubeKey 支持 All-in-One 集群和多节点集群两种升级场景，本文只实战演示多节点集群的升级场景， All-in-One 集群请参考官方升级指南。
KubeSphere 和 Kubernetes 次要版本升级流程与补丁版本升级流程一致，这里就不过多描述了，详情请看上文。
2. 升级实战前提条件
上一期我们完成了 Kubernetes v1.24.12 到 v1.24.14 升级，本期实战我们将基于同一套环境将 Kubernetes v1.24.14 升级到 v1.26.5。
同时，为了模拟真实的业务场景，我们继续创建一些测试资源。在验证之前，我们还需要记录当前集群的一些关键信息。
2.1 集群环境
- KubeSphere v3.4.1，并启用大部分插件
- 安装 v1.24.14 的 Kubernetes 集群
- 对接 NFS 存储或是其他存储作为持久化存储（本文测试环境选用 NFS）
2.2 查看当前集群环境信息
下面查看的当前集群环境信息并不充分，只是查看几个具有代表性的资源，肯定有被忽略的组件和信息。
- 查看所有节点信息
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get nodes -o wide
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME
k8s-master-1 Ready control-plane 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.91 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-2 Ready control-plane,worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.92 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-3 Ready control-plane,worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.93 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-1 Ready worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.95 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-2 Ready worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.96 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-3 Ready worker 6d19h v1.24.14 192.168.9.97 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
- 查看所有的 Deployment 使用的 Image，方便升级后对比（仅作为记录，实际意义不大，结果中不包含 Kubernetes 核心组件）
# 受限于篇幅，输出结果略，请自己保存结果
kubectl get deploy -A -o wide
- 查看 Kubernetes 资源（受限于篇幅，不展示 pod 结果）
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get pods,deployment,sts,ds -o wide -n kube-system
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
deployment.apps/calico-kube-controllers 1/1 1 1 6d21h calico-kube-controllers registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controllers:v3.26.1 k8s-app=calico-kube-controllers
deployment.apps/coredns 2/2 2 2 6d21h coredns registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/coredns:1.8.6 k8s-app=kube-dns
deployment.apps/metrics-server 1/1 1 1 6d21h metrics-server registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/metrics-server:v0.4.2 k8s-app=metrics-server
deployment.apps/openebs-localpv-provisioner 1/1 1 1 6d21h openebs-provisioner-hostpath registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/provisioner-localpv:3.3.0 name=openebs-localpv-provisioner,openebs.io/component-name=openebs-localpv-provisioner
NAME READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
statefulset.apps/snapshot-controller 1/1 6d21h snapshot-controller registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/snapshot-controller:v4.0.0
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE SELECTOR AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
daemonset.apps/calico-node 6 6 6 6 6 kubernetes.io/os=linux 6d21h calico-node registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/node:v3.26.1 k8s-app=calico-node
daemonset.apps/kube-proxy 6 6 6 6 6 kubernetes.io/os=linux 6d21h kube-proxy registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy:v1.24.14 k8s-app=kube-proxy
daemonset.apps/nodelocaldns 6 6 6 6 6 <none> 6d21h node-cache registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/k8s-dns-node-cache:1.15.12 k8s-app=nodelocaldns
- 查看当前 Master 和 Worker 节点使用的 Image
# Master
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# crictl images | grep v1.24.14
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-apiserver v1.24.14 b651b48a617a5 34.3MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controller-manager v1.24.14 d40212fa9cf04 31.5MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.24.14 e57c0d007d1ef 39.7MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-scheduler v1.24.14 19bf7b80c50e5 15.8MB
# Worker
[root@k8s-worker-1 ~]# crictl images | grep v1.24.14
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.24.14 e57c0d007d1ef 39.7MB
- 查看 Kubernetes 核心组件二进制文件（记录比对是否有升级）
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# ll /usr/local/bin/
total 352448
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 65770992 Dec 4 15:09 calicoctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 23847904 Nov 29 13:50 etcd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 kube root 17620576 Nov 29 13:50 etcdctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 46182400 Dec 4 15:09 helm
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 44748800 Dec 4 15:09 kubeadm
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 46080000 Dec 4 15:09 kubectl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 116646168 Dec 4 15:09 kubelet
drwxr-xr-x 2 kube root 71 Nov 29 13:51 kube-scripts
2.3 创建测试验证资源
- 创建测试命名空间
upgrade-test
kubectl create ns upgrade-test
- 创建测试资源文件（使用 StatefulSet，便于快速创建对应的测试卷），使用镜像 nginx:latest 创建 1 个 6 副本的测试业务（包含 pvc），每个副本分布在 1 台 Worker 节点，
vi nginx-test.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: test-nginx
namespace: upgrade-test
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
serviceName: "nginx"
replicas: 6
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-volume
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: nfs-volume
spec:
accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
storageClassName: "nfs-sc"
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
- 创建测试资源
kubectl apply -f nginx-test.yaml
- 写入 index 主页文件
for id in $(seq 0 1 5);do kubectl exec -it test-nginx-$id -n upgrade-test -- sh -c "echo I test-nginx-$id > /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html";done
- 查看测试资源
# 查看 Pod（每个节点一个副本）
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide -n upgrade-test
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
test-nginx-0 1/1 Running 0 8m32s 10.233.80.77 k8s-master-1 <none> <none>
test-nginx-1 1/1 Running 0 8m10s 10.233.96.33 k8s-master-3 <none> <none>
test-nginx-2 1/1 Running 0 7m47s 10.233.85.99 k8s-master-2 <none> <none>
test-nginx-3 1/1 Running 0 7m25s 10.233.87.104 k8s-worker-3 <none> <none>
test-nginx-4 1/1 Running 0 7m3s 10.233.88.180 k8s-worker-1 <none> <none>
test-nginx-5 1/1 Running 0 6m41s 10.233.74.129 k8s-worker-2 <none> <none>
# 查看 PVC
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get pvc -o wide -n upgrade-test
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE VOLUMEMODE
nfs-volume-test-nginx-0 Bound pvc-e7875a9c-2736-4b32-aa29-b338959bb133 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 8m52s Filesystem
nfs-volume-test-nginx-1 Bound pvc-8bd760a8-64f9-40e9-947f-917b6308c146 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 8m30s Filesystem
nfs-volume-test-nginx-2 Bound pvc-afb47509-c249-4892-91ad-da0f69e33495 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 8m7s Filesystem
nfs-volume-test-nginx-3 Bound pvc-e6cf5935-2852-4ef6-af3d-a06458bceb49 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 7m45s Filesystem
nfs-volume-test-nginx-4 Bound pvc-7d176238-8106-4cc9-b49d-fceb25242aee 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 7m23s Filesystem
nfs-volume-test-nginx-5 Bound pvc-dc35e933-0b3c-4fb9-9736-78528d26ce6f 1Gi RWO nfs-sc 7m1s Filesystem
# 查看 index.html
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# for id in $(seq 0 1 5);do kubectl exec -it test-nginx-$id -n upgrade-test -- cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html;done
I test-nginx-0
I test-nginx-1
I test-nginx-2
I test-nginx-3
I test-nginx-4
I test-nginx-5
2.4 升级时观测集群和业务状态
本文的观测并不一定全面充分，所以各位在实际升级验证测试时，需要根据真实环境补充。观测过程不便截图，请读者自行观察。
- 观察集群节点状态
watch kubectl get nodes
- 观查测试命名空间的资源状态（重点观察 RESTARTS 是否变化）
watch kubectl get pods -o wide -n upgrade-test
- ping 测模拟的业务 IP（随机找一个 Pod）
ping 10.233.80.77
- curl 模拟的业务 IP（随机找一个 Pod，跟 Ping 测的不同）
watch curl 10.233.88.180
- 观测模拟的业务磁盘挂载情况（没验证写入，重点观察输出结果是否有 nfs 存储）
watch kubectl exec -it test-nginx-3 -n upgrade-test -- df -h
3. 下载 KubeKey
升级集群前执行以下命令，下载最新版或是指定版本的 KubeKey。
export KKZONE=cn
curl -sfL https://get-kk.kubesphere.io | VERSION=v3.0.13 sh -
4. 生成集群部署配置文件
4.1 使用 KubeKey 生成配置文件
升级之前需要准备集群部署文件，首选，建议使用 KubeKey 部署 KubeSphere 和 Kubernetes 集群时使用的配置文件。
如果部署时使用的配置丢失，可以执行以下命令，基于现有集群创建一个 sample.yaml 配置文件（本文重点演示）。
./kk create config --from-cluster
备注 :
本文假设 kubeconfig 位于
~/.kube/config。您可以通过--kubeconfig标志进行修改。
实际命令执行结果如下：
[root@k8s-master-1 kubekey]# ./kk create config --from-cluster
Notice: /root/kubekey/sample.yaml has been created. Some parameters need to be filled in by yourself, please complete it.
生成的配置文件 sample.yaml
apiVersion: kubekey.kubesphere.io/v1alpha2
kind: Cluster
metadata:
name: sample
spec:
hosts:
##You should complete the ssh information of the hosts
- {name: k8s-master-1, address: 192.168.9.91, internalAddress: 192.168.9.91}
- {name: k8s-master-2, address: 192.168.9.92, internalAddress: 192.168.9.92}
- {name: k8s-master-3, address: 192.168.9.93, internalAddress: 192.168.9.93}
- {name: k8s-worker-1, address: 192.168.9.95, internalAddress: 192.168.9.95}
- {name: k8s-worker-2, address: 192.168.9.96, internalAddress: 192.168.9.96}
- {name: k8s-worker-3, address: 192.168.9.97, internalAddress: 192.168.9.97}
roleGroups:
etcd:
- SHOULD_BE_REPLACED
master:
worker:
- k8s-master-1
- k8s-master-2
- k8s-master-3
- k8s-worker-1
- k8s-worker-2
- k8s-worker-3
controlPlaneEndpoint:
##Internal loadbalancer for apiservers
#internalLoadbalancer: haproxy
##If the external loadbalancer was used, 'address' should be set to loadbalancer's ip.
domain: lb.opsman.top
address: ""
port: 6443
kubernetes:
version: v1.24.14
clusterName: opsman.top
proxyMode: ipvs
masqueradeAll: false
maxPods: 110
nodeCidrMaskSize: 24
network:
plugin: calico
kubePodsCIDR: 10.233.64.0/18
kubeServiceCIDR: 10.233.0.0/18
registry:
privateRegistry: ""
4.2 修改配置文件模板
根据实际的集群配置修改 sample.yaml 文件，请确保正确修改以下字段。
hosts：您主机的基本信息（主机名和 IP 地址）以及使用 SSH 连接至主机的信息（重点修改，需要加入 SSH 用户名和密码）。roleGroups.etcd：etcd 节点（重点修改）。roleGroups.master：master 节点（重点修改，默认没生成，必须手动加入否则会报错，参见 常见问题 1），注意： 该参数字段在部署时生成的配置文件中的名称为roleGroups.control-plane。roleGroups.worker：worker 节点（核对修改）。controlPlaneEndpoint：负载均衡器信息（可选）。kubernetes.containerManager：修改容器运行时（必选，默认没生成，必须手动加入否则会报错，参见 常见问题 2）registry：镜像服务信息（可选）。
修改后文件内容：
apiVersion: kubekey.kubesphere.io/v1alpha2
kind: Cluster
metadata:
name: sample
spec:
hosts:
##You should complete the ssh information of the hosts
- {name: k8s-master-1, address: 192.168.9.91, internalAddress: 192.168.9.91, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
- {name: k8s-master-2, address: 192.168.9.92, internalAddress: 192.168.9.92, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
- {name: k8s-master-3, address: 192.168.9.93, internalAddress: 192.168.9.93, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
- {name: k8s-worker-1, address: 192.168.9.95, internalAddress: 192.168.9.95, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
- {name: k8s-worker-2, address: 192.168.9.96, internalAddress: 192.168.9.96, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
- {name: k8s-worker-3, address: 192.168.9.97, internalAddress: 192.168.9.97, user: root, password: "P@88w0rd"}
roleGroups:
etcd:
- k8s-master-1
- k8s-master-2
- k8s-master-3
master:
- k8s-master-1
- k8s-master-2
- k8s-master-3
worker:
- k8s-master-1
- k8s-master-2
- k8s-master-3
- k8s-worker-1
- k8s-worker-2
- k8s-worker-3
controlPlaneEndpoint:
##Internal loadbalancer for apiservers
internalLoadbalancer: haproxy
##If the external loadbalancer was used, 'address' should be set to loadbalancer's ip.
domain: lb.opsman.top
address: ""
port: 6443
kubernetes:
version: v1.24.12
clusterName: opsman.top
proxyMode: ipvs
masqueradeAll: false
maxPods: 110
nodeCidrMaskSize: 24
containerManager: containerd
network:
plugin: calico
kubePodsCIDR: 10.233.64.0/18
kubeServiceCIDR: 10.233.0.0/18
registry:
privateRegistry: ""
5. 升级 Kubernetes
5.1 升级 Kubernetes
执行以下命令，将 Kubernetes 从 v1.24.14 升级至 v1.26.5。
export KKZONE=cn
./kk upgrade --with-kubernetes v1.26.5 -f sample.yaml
执行后的结果如下（按提示输入 yes 继续）：
[root@k8s-master-1 kubekey]# ./kk upgrade --with-kubernetes v1.26.5 -f sample.yaml
_ __ _ _ __
| | / / | | | | / /
| |/ / _ _| |__ ___| |/ / ___ _ _
| \| | | | '_ \ / _ \ \ / _ \ | | |
| |\ \ |_| | |_) | __/ |\ \ __/ |_| |
\_| \_/\__,_|_.__/ \___\_| \_/\___|\__, |
__/ |
|___/
09:26:43 CST [GreetingsModule] Greetings
09:26:43 CST message: [k8s-worker-3]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST message: [k8s-master-3]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST message: [k8s-master-1]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST message: [k8s-worker-1]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST message: [k8s-master-2]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST message: [k8s-worker-2]
Greetings, KubeKey!
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-worker-3]
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-worker-1]
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:44 CST success: [k8s-worker-2]
09:26:44 CST [NodePreCheckModule] A pre-check on nodes
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-1]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Get KubeConfig file
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Get all nodes Kubernetes version
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-worker-1]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Calculate min Kubernetes version
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Check desired Kubernetes version
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Check KubeSphere version
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Check dependency matrix for KubeSphere and Kubernetes
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [ClusterPreCheckModule] Get kubernetes nodes status
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
09:26:45 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
09:26:45 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:26:45 CST [UpgradeConfirmModule] Display confirmation form
+--------------+------+------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+-------------+------------------+--------------+
| name | sudo | curl | openssl | ebtables | socat | ipset | ipvsadm | conntrack | chrony | docker | containerd | nfs client | ceph client | glusterfs client | time |
+--------------+------+------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+-------------+------------------+--------------+
| k8s-master-1 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
| k8s-master-2 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
| k8s-master-3 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
| k8s-worker-1 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
| k8s-worker-2 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
| k8s-worker-3 | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | y | | v1.6.4 | y | | | CST 09:26:45 |
+--------------+------+------+---------+----------+-------+-------+---------+-----------+--------+--------+------------+------------+-------------+------------------+--------------+
Cluster nodes status:
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME
k8s-master-1 Ready control-plane 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.91 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-2 Ready control-plane,worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.92 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-3 Ready control-plane,worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.93 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-1 Ready worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.95 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-2 Ready worker 6d21h v1.24.14 192.168.9.96 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-3 Ready worker 6d19h v1.24.14 192.168.9.97 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
Upgrade Confirmation:
kubernetes version: v1.24.14 to v1.26.5
Continue upgrading cluster? [yes/no]:
注意： Upgrade 信息确认，Kubernetes 提示从 v1.24.14 升级至 v1.26.5。
点击「yes」后，删减版最终执行结果如下：
09:47:18 CST [ProgressiveUpgradeModule 2/2] Set current k8s version
09:47:18 CST skipped: [LocalHost]
09:47:18 CST [ChownModule] Chown user $HOME/.kube dir
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-worker-3]
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-worker-1]
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-worker-2]
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-master-1]
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-master-2]
09:47:19 CST success: [k8s-master-3]
09:47:19 CST Pipeline[UpgradeClusterPipeline] execute successfully
注意： 由于篇幅限制，我无法粘贴完整的执行结果。然而，我强烈建议各位读者保存并仔细分析升级过程日志，以便更深入地理解 Kubekey 升级 Kubernetes 的流程。这些日志文件提供了关于升级过程中所发生事件的重要信息，可以帮助您更好地理解整个升级过程以及可能遇到的问题，并在需要时进行故障排除。
5.2 升级过程观测说明
升级的过程中观测任务输出结果，有几点需要注意：
- Master 和 Worker 节点会逐一升级（Master 2 分钟左右，Worker 1 分钟左右），升级过程中在 Master 节点执行 kubectl 的命令时会出现 API 无法连接的情况
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get nodes
The connection to the server lb.opsman.top:6443 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
说明：
出现这种现象并不是说 Kubernetes 的 API 没有高可用，实际上是伪高可用。
主要是因为 KubeKey 部署的内置负载均衡 HAProxy 只作用于 Worker 节点，在 Master 节点只会连接本机的 kube-apiserver（因此，也说明有条件还是自建负载均衡比较好）。
# Master 节点
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# ss -ntlup | grep 6443
tcp LISTEN 0 32768 [::]:6443 [::]:* users:(("kube-apiserver",pid=11789,fd=7))
# Worker 节点
[root@k8s-worker-1 ~]# ss -ntlup | grep 6443
tcp LISTEN 0 4000 127.0.0.1:6443 *:* users:(("haproxy",pid=53535,fd=7))
- 测试的 Nginx 业务服务未中断（ping、curl、df 都未见异常）
- Kubernetes 核心组件升级顺序：先升级到 v1.25.10，再升级到 v1.26.5（符合 Kubekey 设计 和 Kubernetes 次要版本升级差异的要求）
- kube-apiserver、kube-controller-manager、kube-proxy、kube-scheduler 镜像从 v1.24.14 先升级到 v1.25.10，然后再升级到 v1.26.5。
升级到 v1.25.10 时下载的二进制软件列表（标粗的说明有变化）：
-
kubeadm v1.25.10
-
kubelet v1.25.10
-
kubectl v1.25.10
-
helm v3.9.0
-
kubecni v1.2.0
-
crictl v1.24.0
-
etcd v3.4.13
-
containerd 1.6.4
-
runc v1.1.1
-
calicoctl v3.26.1
升级到 v1.26.5 时下载的二进制软件列表（标粗的说明有变化）：
-
kubeadm v1.26.5
-
kubelet v1.26.5
-
kubectl v1.26.5
-
其他的没变化
升级过程中涉及的 Image 列表（标粗的说明有变化）：
- calico/cni:v3.26.1
- calico/kube-controllers:v3.26.1
- calico/node:v3.26.1
- calico/pod2daemon-flexvol:v3.26.1
- coredns/coredns:1.9.3
- kubesphere/k8s-dns-node-cache:1.15.12
- kubesphere/kube-apiserver:v1.25.10
- kubesphere/kube-apiserver:v1.26.5
- kubesphere/kube-controller-manager:v1.25.10
- kubesphere/kube-controller-manager:v1.26.5
- kubesphere/kube-proxy:v1.25.10
- kubesphere/kube-proxy:v1.26.5
- kubesphere/kube-scheduler:v1.25.10
- kubesphere/kube-scheduler:v1.26.5
- kubesphere/pause:3.8
- library/haproxy:2.3
升级后所有节点核心 Image 列表（验证升级版本的顺序）：
# Master 命令有筛选，去掉了 v1.24.12 和重复的 docker.io 开通的镜像
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# crictl images | grep v1.2[4-6] | grep -v "24.12"| grep -v docker.io | sort
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-apiserver v1.24.14 b651b48a617a5 34.3MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-apiserver v1.25.10 4aafc4b1604b9 34.4MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-apiserver v1.26.5 25c2ecde661fc 35.5MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controller-manager v1.24.14 d40212fa9cf04 31.5MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controller-manager v1.25.10 e446ea5ea9b1b 31.5MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controller-manager v1.26.5 a7403c147a516 32.4MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.24.14 e57c0d007d1ef 39.7MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.25.10 0cb798db55ff2 20.3MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.26.5 08440588500d7 21.5MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-scheduler v1.24.14 19bf7b80c50e5 15.8MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-scheduler v1.25.10 de3c37c13188f 16MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-scheduler v1.26.5 200132c1d91ab 17.7MB
# Worker
[root@k8s-worker-1 ~]# crictl images | grep v1.2[4-6] | grep -v "24.12"| grep -v docker.io | sort
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.24.14 e57c0d007d1ef 39.7MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.25.10 0cb798db55ff2 20.3MB
registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy v1.26.5 08440588500d7 21.5MB
5.3 Kubernetes 升级后验证
- 查看 Nodes 版本（VERSION 更新为 v1.26.5）
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get nodes -o wide
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME
k8s-master-1 Ready control-plane 6d22h v1.26.5 192.168.9.91 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-2 Ready control-plane,worker 6d22h v1.26.5 192.168.9.92 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-master-3 Ready control-plane,worker 6d22h v1.26.5 192.168.9.93 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-1 Ready worker 6d22h v1.26.5 192.168.9.95 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-2 Ready worker 6d22h v1.26.5 192.168.9.96 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
k8s-worker-3 Ready worker 6d20h v1.26.5 192.168.9.97 <none> CentOS Linux 7 (Core) 5.4.261-1.el7.elrepo.x86_64 containerd://1.6.4
- 查看 Kubernetes 资源（受限于篇幅，不展示 pod 结果，但实际变化都在 Pod 上）
[root@k8s-master-1 kubekey]# kubectl get pod,deployment,sts,ds -o wide -n kube-system
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
deployment.apps/calico-kube-controllers 1/1 1 1 6d22h calico-kube-controllers registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-controllers:v3.26.1 k8s-app=calico-kube-controllers
deployment.apps/coredns 2/2 2 2 6d22h coredns registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/coredns:1.8.6 k8s-app=kube-dns
deployment.apps/metrics-server 1/1 1 1 6d22h metrics-server registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/metrics-server:v0.4.2 k8s-app=metrics-server
deployment.apps/openebs-localpv-provisioner 1/1 1 1 6d22h openebs-provisioner-hostpath registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/provisioner-localpv:3.3.0 name=openebs-localpv-provisioner,openebs.io/component-name=openebs-localpv-provisioner
NAME READY AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES
statefulset.apps/snapshot-controller 1/1 6d22h snapshot-controller registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/snapshot-controller:v4.0.0
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE NODE SELECTOR AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
daemonset.apps/calico-node 6 6 6 6 6 kubernetes.io/os=linux 6d22h calico-node registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/node:v3.26.1 k8s-app=calico-node
daemonset.apps/kube-proxy 6 6 6 6 6 kubernetes.io/os=linux 6d22h kube-proxy registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/kubesphereio/kube-proxy:v1.26.5 k8s-app=kube-proxy
daemonset.apps/nodelocaldns 6 6 6 6 6 <none> 6d22h node-cache kubesphere/k8s-dns-node-cache:1.15.12 k8s-app=nodelocaldns
- 查看二进制文件（对比升级前结果，验证组件是否有变更）
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# ll /usr/local/bin/
total 360880
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 65770992 Dec 6 09:41 calicoctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 23847904 Nov 29 13:50 etcd
-rwxr-xr-x 1 kube root 17620576 Nov 29 13:50 etcdctl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 46182400 Dec 6 09:41 helm
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 46788608 Dec 6 09:41 kubeadm
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 48046080 Dec 6 09:41 kubectl
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 121277432 Dec 6 09:41 kubelet
drwxr-xr-x 2 kube root 71 Nov 29 13:51 kube-scripts
注意： 除了 etcd、etcdctl 其他都有更新，说明 ETCD 不在组件更新范围内
- 创建测试资源
kubectl create deployment nginx-upgrade-test --image=nginx:latest --replicas=6 -n upgrade-test
说明： 本测试比较简单，生产环境建议更充分的测试。
- 查看创建的测试资源
# 查看 Deployment
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get deployment -n upgrade-test -o wide
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
nginx-upgrade-test 6/6 6 6 13s nginx nginx:latest app=nginx-upgrade-test
# 查看 Pod
[root@k8s-master-1 ~]# kubectl get deployment,pod -n upgrade-test -o wide
NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE CONTAINERS IMAGES SELECTOR
deployment.apps/nginx-upgrade-test 6/6 6 6 56s nginx nginx:latest app=nginx-upgrade-test
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE IP NODE NOMINATED NODE READINESS GATES
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-cglmh 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.80.85 k8s-master-1 <none> <none>
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-cmzqx 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.88.181 k8s-worker-1 <none> <none>
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-ggnjg 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.87.106 k8s-worker-3 <none> <none>
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-hh8h4 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.96.38 k8s-master-3 <none> <none>
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-hs7n7 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.74.130 k8s-worker-2 <none> <none>
pod/nginx-upgrade-test-7b668447c4-s6wps 1/1 Running 0 56s 10.233.85.102 k8s-master-2 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-0 1/1 Running 0 85m 10.233.80.77 k8s-master-1 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-1 1/1 Running 0 85m 10.233.96.33 k8s-master-3 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-2 1/1 Running 0 84m 10.233.85.99 k8s-master-2 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-3 1/1 Running 0 84m 10.233.87.104 k8s-worker-3 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-4 1/1 Running 0 83m 10.233.88.180 k8s-worker-1 <none> <none>
pod/test-nginx-5 1/1 Running 0 83m 10.233.74.129 k8s-worker-2 <none> <none>
- 重建已有 Pod（未验证，生产环境升级必须验证，防止出现跨版本的兼容性问题）
- 在 KubeSphere 管理控制台查看集群状态
经过一系列的操作，我们成功地利用 KubeKey 完成了 Kubernetes 次要版本的升级和测试验证。在这个过程中，我们经历了多个关键环节，包括实战环境准备、升级实施以及测试验证等。最终，我们实现了版本升级的目标，并且验证了升级后的系统（基本）能够正常运行。
6. 常见问题
问题 1
- 报错信息
[root@k8s-master-1 kubekey]# ./kk upgrade --with-kubesphere v3.4.1 -f sample.yaml
14:00:54 CST [FATA] The number of master/control-plane cannot be 0
- 解决方案
修改集群部署文件 sample.yaml，正确填写 roleGroups.master：master 节点信息
问题 2
- 报错信息
Continue upgrading cluster? [yes/no]: yes
14:07:02 CST success: [LocalHost]
14:07:02 CST [SetUpgradePlanModule 1/2] Set upgrade plan
14:07:02 CST success: [LocalHost]
14:07:02 CST [SetUpgradePlanModule 1/2] Generate kubeadm config
14:07:02 CST message: [k8s-master-1]
Failed to get container runtime cgroup driver.: Failed to exec command: sudo -E /bin/bash -c "docker info | grep 'Cgroup Driver'"
/bin/bash: docker: command not found: Process exited with status 1
14:07:02 CST retry: [k8s-master-1]
14:07:07 CST message: [k8s-master-1]
Failed to get container runtime cgroup driver.: Failed to exec command: sudo -E /bin/bash -c "docker info | grep 'Cgroup Driver'"
/bin/bash: docker: command not found: Process exited with status 1
14:07:07 CST retry: [k8s-master-1]
14:07:12 CST message: [k8s-master-1]
Failed to get container runtime cgroup driver.: Failed to exec command: sudo -E /bin/bash -c "docker info | grep 'Cgroup Driver'"
/bin/bash: docker: command not found: Process exited with status 1
14:07:12 CST skipped: [k8s-master-3]
14:07:12 CST skipped: [k8s-master-2]
14:07:12 CST failed: [k8s-master-1]
error: Pipeline[UpgradeClusterPipeline] execute failed: Module[SetUpgradePlanModule 1/2] exec failed:
failed: [k8s-master-1] [GenerateKubeadmConfig] exec failed after 3 retries: Failed to get container runtime cgroup driver.: Failed to exec command: sudo -E /bin/bash -c "docker info | grep 'Cgroup Driver'"
/bin/bash: docker: command not found: Process exited with status 1
- 解决方案
修改集群部署文件 sample.yaml，正确填写 kubernetes.containerManager: containerd，默认使用 Docker。
7. 总结
本文通过实战演示了 KubeKey 部署的 KubeSphere 和 Kubernetes 集群升级 Kubernetes 次要版本的详细过程，以及升级过程中遇到的问题和对应的解决方案。同时，也阐述了在升级前和升级后需要进行哪些验证，以确保系统升级的成功。
利用 KubeKey 升级 KubeSphere 和 Kubernetes 并完成测试验证是一个复杂而重要的任务。通过这次升级实战，我们验证了技术可行性、实现了系统的更新和优化，提高了系统的性能和安全性。同时，我们也积累了宝贵的经验教训，为未来的生产环境升级工作提供了参考和借鉴。
概括总结全文主要涉及以下内容：
- 升级实战环境准备
- Kubernetes 升级准备和升级过程监测
- 利用 KubeKey 升级 Kubernetes
- Kubernetes 升级后验证
本文所提供的实战内容可以直接应用于测试和研发环境。同时，对于生产环境也有一定的参考价值。然而，请务必谨慎对待，不要直接将其应用于生产环境。
本文由博客一文多发平台 OpenWrite 发布！
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